What is 에볼루션 게이밍 ?
Free evolution is the idea that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the evolution of new species as well as the change in appearance of existing species.
Many examples have been given of this, such as different kinds of stickleback fish that can be found in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to particular host plants. These typically reversible traits cannot explain fundamental changes to basic body plans.
Evolution by Natural Selection
The evolution of the myriad living organisms on Earth is a mystery that has intrigued scientists for decades. Charles Darwin's natural selection is the most well-known explanation. This happens when individuals who are better-adapted have more success in reproduction and survival than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, a population of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually forms a whole new species.
Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of 3 factors including reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction both of which enhance the genetic diversity of an animal species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of a person's genetic characteristics, which includes recessive and dominant genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. This can be achieved by both asexual or sexual methods.
All of these elements must be in balance for natural selection to occur. If, for instance an allele of a dominant gene allows an organism to reproduce and live longer than the recessive gene, then the dominant allele is more prevalent in a group. However, if the allele confers an unfavorable survival advantage or decreases fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. The process is self-reinforced, meaning that an organism that has a beneficial trait can reproduce and survive longer than an individual with an unadaptive trait. The more offspring an organism can produce the more fit it is that is determined by its ability to reproduce and survive. People with desirable traits, like a long neck in the giraffe, or bright white color patterns on male peacocks, are more likely than others to survive and reproduce, which will eventually lead to them becoming the majority.
Natural selection is only an element in the population and not on individuals. This is a crucial distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory that states that animals acquire traits due to usage or inaction. For instance, if a animal's neck is lengthened by stretching to reach prey its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe becomes unable to reproduce with other giraffes.
Evolution by Genetic Drift
Genetic drift occurs when alleles from a gene are randomly distributed in a group. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated by natural selection), and the other alleles decrease in frequency. In the extreme, this leads to one allele dominance. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity decreases to zero. In a small group this could result in the complete elimination of recessive allele. This scenario is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that occurs when a large number of people migrate to form a new group.
A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when survivors of a disaster, such as an epidemic or a massive hunting event, are concentrated into a small area. The surviving individuals will be mostly homozygous for the dominant allele, which means that they will all share the same phenotype and thus share the same fitness characteristics. This could be caused by war, earthquakes, or even plagues. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct population that remains is prone to genetic drift.
Walsh Lewens and Ariew use a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values for different fitness levels. They provide a well-known instance of twins who are genetically identical and have the exact same phenotype but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces.
This type of drift is very important in the evolution of an entire species. However, it is not the only method to evolve. The most common alternative is a process called natural selection, where phenotypic variation in a population is maintained by mutation and migration.
Stephens asserts that there is a significant distinction between treating drift as a force, or a cause and treating other causes of evolution, such as mutation, selection and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us distinguish it from other forces and this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has both direction, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size, that is determined by population size.
Evolution through Lamarckism
Biology students in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, also referred to as "Lamarckism which means that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms inheriting characteristics that are a product of an organism's use and disuse. Lamarckism is usually illustrated with the image of a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher up in the trees. This could cause the longer necks of giraffes to be passed on to their offspring who would then become taller.
Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he introduced an innovative concept that completely challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. According Lamarck, living organisms evolved from inanimate material through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the only one to suggest this however he was widely considered to be the first to give the subject a thorough and general treatment.
The dominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory on natural selection and Lamarckism fought in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to the creation of what biologists today refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies the possibility that acquired traits can be inherited and instead suggests that organisms evolve through the selective action of environmental factors, including natural selection.
Lamarck and his contemporaries endorsed the notion that acquired characters could be passed on to the next generation. However, this concept was never a key element of any of their theories on evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.
It's been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth and in the field of genomics, there is a growing evidence base that supports the heritability-acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. It is a version of evolution that is just as valid as the more well-known neo-Darwinian model.
Evolution through Adaptation
One of the most widespread misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle for survival. This is a false assumption and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival is better described as a fight to survive in a certain environment. This could include not just other organisms but also the physical environment itself.
Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to comprehend evolution. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows living organisms to live in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physiological structure such as fur or feathers or a behavioral characteristic like moving into shade in hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid the cold.
The ability of an organism to extract energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environment is essential to its survival. The organism must have the right genes to generate offspring, and it must be able to access enough food and other resources. The organism should also be able reproduce itself at the rate that is suitable for its specific niche.
These factors, in conjunction with mutations and gene flow can cause changes in the proportion of different alleles within the population's gene pool. This shift in the frequency of alleles could lead to the development of novel traits and eventually, new species as time passes.
Many of the features we appreciate in animals and plants are adaptations. For instance lung or gills that extract oxygen from air feathers and fur for insulation, long legs to run away from predators, and camouflage to hide. To understand the concept of adaptation, it is important to distinguish between behavioral and physiological characteristics.
Physiological traits like large gills and thick fur are physical traits. Behavioral adaptations are not like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or move into the shade during hot weather. 에볼루션 게이밍 is also important to note that the absence of planning doesn't make an adaptation. In fact, failing to think about the consequences of a behavior can make it ineffective, despite the fact that it might appear sensible or even necessary.