Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still more stable than expected.
The country is searching for a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and even made furs. They also established tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced celadon papermaking, block printing, art styles and written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time, the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes required them to join the army or to build fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest region of the peninsula, and clashed against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were responsible to their families. They must be obeyed by everyone and respected even by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth during pronunciation. This dramatically improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements are visible in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious objects such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern portion of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful state but its dynasty dissolved when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be changing. Those who are appalled by the enormous cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand those who support the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears about job losses.
Policy and academic analysts are sharply divided on the extent to these two trends are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development that include democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies key factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views among this group. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory contradicted their religion and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a majority of people are not convinced that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.
In the past of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of church leaders and scientists.
The success of this event resulted in the founding of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization presented its own work and published articles about scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated several films and slides from ICR and also a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks at universities and churches throughout the country.
A KACR success was witnessed at the KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were 에볼루션 슬롯 interested in creationism that they raised the funds and support to put up an on-campus museum with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in creation science, and it has hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created an organization of local branch offices that host talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other style elements from overseas. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern jazz and rock and roll. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being created in the wake of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find an equilibrium between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.